Research - European Journal of Sports & Exercise Science ( 2023) Volume 11, Issue 2
Received: 10-May-2023, Manuscript No. ejses-23-98480; Editor assigned: 12-May-2023, Pre QC No. ejses-23-98480(PQ); Reviewed: 18-May-2023, QC No. ejses-23-98480(Q); Revised: 23-May-2023, Manuscript No. ejses-23-98480(R); Published: 30-May-2023
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of passive dehydration on the muscular strength. Ten healthy handbal players (from 19 to 28 years of age) from Handball Male Team, volunteeredto participate in this study. Turkish Hamam used for dehydration. Subjects rested in ambient temperature 40C° (humidity was recorded 81-78%) for 30 minutes in the upright sitting position. Heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, body mass indeks (BMI), total body water (TBW) hand grip, biceps strength and leg strength were measured before and after Turkish Hamam. Significant differences between preand post values was determined by Wilcoxon. The association between the changes was determined by Pearson Correlation. The level of significance was set at p<0.05.After 30 minutes Hamam, body mass, BMI and TBW was significantly decreased (p<0.05).There was no significantly changes in hand grip (1%, 2%), biceps strength (3%, 7%)and leg strength (3%,31%) before and after dehydration (p>0,05). After Hamam, there was a significantly correlation beatween hand grip and biceps (r=0,707), leg strength and hand grip (r=0,759) (p>0, 05), however, there was a lovercorrelation beatween leg strength and biceps (r=0.548) (p<0, 05). In conclusion, moderate pasive dehydration can adversely affect the maximum muscular strength, but is not significantly.
Dehydration, Muscle Strength, Turkish Hamam
The effects that dehydration (hypo hydration) has on increasing heat strain and cardiovascular strain and aerobic exercise performance are well documented. Less understood are the effects of dehydration on skeletal muscle performance metabolism. While two studies reported that hypo hydration reduced muscle endurance another study found no difference in fatigability during handgrip exercise. Likewise, anaerobic exercise performance has been reported to be decreased or not altered by hypo hydration.
Dehydration is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition in which the body contains an insufficient volume of water for normal functioning. Water is the organic solvent for most biochemical processes; therefore, adequate hydration is important peak performance. Dehydration is a frequent problem in physically active individuals exercising at high volumes in hot ambient environments, with losses of 6% to 8% of preexercise body mass common. As little as 1% to 2% body mass loss in the heat chall enges cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms for increased body temperature and reduces exercise capacity.
Normal skeletal muscle function is affected by altered physiologic states such as dehydration. Sweating is maintained by intracellular water shifting to the extracellular space, resulting in cell dehydration and adversely affecting skeletal muscle cell function. Dehydration negatively affects muscle endurance, strength and muscle performance by impeding thermal regulation, altering water movement across cell membranes [1-10].
Turkish Hamam: The Turkish Hamam (also known as Turkish Bath) or hamam is the Turkish variant of a steam bath. The Turkish Hamam is described as a place for body treatments, cleansing, purification and social life. Available methods to induce dehydration is use of a sauna for passive dehydration, vigorous exercise for active dehydration, and /or use of diuretic pharmacologic agents. Because of diuretics are banned by most organizations governing sports, use of this agents to make weight could result in disqualification and possible suspension from the sport. Active dehydration is often avoided because the exercise that is used to promote the water loss may also lead to fatigue, depletion of energy substrate and impaired performance. Adverse effect of passive dehydration has been reported for such tasks as vertical jumping and isometric strength/endurance, and isometric / dynamic endurance. The effects of dehydration on strength are conflicting with reports of unaffected decreased muscular strength and the significant increase in jump height. Hedley et al. explained that to support the warm-up practice before high-velocity maximal power performance, and it seems that the methodology to increase muscle temperature is not important; however, the optimal time for the warm-up protocol is critical.
In general, the effects of passive dehydration and acute heat exposure (30 minutes at 65°C -75°C, relative humidity 15%) induced by sauna. Studies have suggested that long-term sauna bathing may lower blood pressure in persons with hypertension by causing a direct loss of extracellular water and plasma minerals. Comparing the different physiological parameters in sauna with un air temperature of 80°C to 90°C and a relative humidity of 50%, and the wet sauna with an air temperature of 45°C to 50°C and a relative humidity of 100% showed that the heat strain and hence the risk in both saunas are similar and exposure in either sauna exceeding 10 minutes may be dangerous [11-13].
Because of the different protocols, heat and humidity the adverse effects of dehydration on muscular strength is little understood. But no studies have investigated the effects of passive dehydration on muscular strength induced by 30 minutes at 40°C-42o C, and relative humidity 78%-81%.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of passive dehydration on leg strength, biceps strength and hand grip strength.
Research Design
Procedures for the study were explained and informed to the research group. Before the experiment, all subjects were familiarized with the Turkish Hamam environment and experimental procedures. Subjects were then tested on two occasions (before/baseline and after the dehydration). Subjects had no alcohol or caffeine for 24 hours before the tests, which were tested at least three hours after a meal. The study was designed in one day and was conducted by the Traditional Turkish Hamam. Before participating in the study, subjects completed a health history questionnaire and an informed consent form.
The dehydration protocol consisted of participants reporting to the Turkish Hamam. Subjects were dehydrated by resting in ambient temperature 40°C-42°C and 78%-81% relative humidity for 30 minutes in the upright sitting position during dehydration. Subjects were allowed to Hamam for 10 minutes intermittent.
Subjects
Subjects were 10 healthy male handball players from University handball club aged 21,2±2,5 years (range 19 to 28 years). Subjects were volunteered to participate in this study.
Measurement Protocols
On arrival at the Turkish Hamam hall, subjects were seated and allowed to rest for 10 minutes, then blood pressure, Hearth Rate (HR) and Body Temperature (BT) was measured. Then height, Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) and strength tests were subsequently measured. After 30 minutes of Hamam, subjects toweled off and body mass was measured than BT, blood pressure and HR was measured in 10 minutes resting position. After that, strength tests were conducted in the following order: Hand grip, leg strength, and bicepsstrength. The tests were measured 2 times in each test sessions.
Height and Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA)
Height were recorded using a portable audiometer. Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) measures the opposition of bodily tissues to the flow of a mild (less than one milliamp) alternating electric current. Body mass, Body Mass Index (BMI), percent body fat (%), Total Body Water (TBW) were measured for all participants using BIA (TBF-300), at baseline and after Hamam. Total, extracellular, and intracellular water compartments were calculated using BIA formulae. During BIA measurement all subjects were naked [14].
Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Temperature
Systolic (SBP) and Diastolic (DBP) Blood Pressure was measured using an automatic sphygmomanometer. Hart Rate (HR) was assessed using a Heart Rate Monitor (Polar Electro-F5) and was assessed with subjects resting in lying position on lounge. Body temperature was measured using a thermometer from armpit.
Muscle Strength Tests
Grip strength dynamometer, 5kgf-100 kef (Take 1 Physical fitness Test , Japan). Handgrip strength is important for any sport in which the hands are used for catching, throwing or lifting. Subject holed the dynamometer in dominant hand in line with the forearm and hanging by the thigh. Maximum grip strength is theLeg Strength Testn determined without swinging the arm. The best of trial is recorded [15].
Leg Strength Test
A portable dynamometer used for leg strength. Between 0.3 and at the most 3.0 seconds using an adjustable handle cable densitometer and a foot stand (Takei Scientific, Tokyo, Japan). Strength is expressed in kilograms’ force. Measuring range is from 0 kg to 300 kg [16].
Biceps Strength Test
Biceps curl strength was measured in seat with back rest adjusted to an angle of 30°C to the vertical (Baseline Digital Push-Pull Dynamometer-250lb./150 kg).
Data Analysis
Data were analyzed using the SPSS 10.0 for Windows Statistical Package. Pre and post measures were determined by Wilxoson test.The association between the change in leg, biceps and hand grip was determined by Pearson correlation test. Significance was set atP≤0.05 for all statistical analyses.
Subjects characteristics was recorded in (Table 1), as age = 21.2 ± 2,5 years, height = 178.8 ± 7.4 cm, and body mass = 76.2 ± 8.9 kg.
| n=10 | Mean± SD |
|---|---|
| Age (y) | 21,2±2,5 |
| Height (cm) | 178,8±7,4 |
| Mass (kg) | 76,2 ±8,9 |
Mean values for body mass, BMI, fat%, TBW, HR, SBP, DBP and BT are represented in (Table 2).
| Parameters | Baseline/Before | After | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean± SD | Mean± SD | P | |
| Mass (kg) | 76,2±8,9 | 75,7±8,9 | 0,00** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23,8±2,1 | 23,5±2,1 | 0,00** |
| (%) | 10,1±3,2 | 10,2±3,2 | 0,83 |
| TBW (kg) | 50,6±5,2 | 49,8±5,2 | 0,03* |
| HR (beats.min-1) | 61,5±7,5 | 70,6±7,9 | 0,00* |
| SBP (mmHg) | 112,5±9,8 | 115,7±6,3 | 0,44 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 67,5±3,5 | 66,5±11,3 | 0,73 |
| BT (C°) | 36,5±0,8 | 36,8±0,5 | 0,24 |
BMI= Body Mass Index; TBW= Total Body Water; HR= Resting Heart Rate; SBP= Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP= Diastolic Blood Pressure; BT= Body Temperature (armpit); %= Percentage of Body Fat.
The mean body mass, BMI and TBW (p<0,05) decreased significantly after dehydration, whereas there was no change in body fat % (p>0,05). HR increased significantly (p<0,05), SBP also increased but there was no significantly (p>0,05). DBP decreased and BT increased but changes were resulted in small.
Table 3 indicated changes in leg strength, biceps strength and hand grip strength, before and after dehydration. As shown, leg, biceps and hand grip strength was decreased after dehydration, but there was no significantly changes (p>0,05).
| Parameters | Baseline/Before | After | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean± SD | Mean± SD | ||
| Leg strength (kg) | 157,3±32,9 | 152,1±36,8 | 0,23 |
| Hand grip (kg) | 52,0±8,2 | 51,2±7,5 | 0,79 |
| Biceps strength (kg) | 24,1±2,6 | 23,1±1,9 | 0,08 |
Table 4, represents the correlation in leg, biceps and hand grip strength before and after dehydration. After dehydration; there was a significantly correlation between biceps and handgrip (r=,707) and between leg and hand grip strength (r=,759), but there was no significantly correlation between biceps and leg strength (r=,548).
| n=10 | HG-b | HG-a | B-b | B-a | LS-b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HG-a | 881** | ||||
| BS-b | 810** | 799** | |||
| BS-a | 687* | 707* | 802** | ||
| LS-b | 689* | 779** | 427 | 429 | |
| LS-a | 644* | 759* | 436 | 548 | 968** |
We demonstrated that a passive dehydration induced by Turkish Hamam in a 30 minutes at 40°C-42oC, and relative humidity 78%- 81%, resulted in a 1% reduction in body mass adversely affected muscle strength.
Dehydration alters cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, central nervous system, and metabolic functions. During dehydration, plasma hyperosmolarity is exacerbated as water is redistributed from the intracellular to the extracellular compartments of skeletal muscle in an attempt to maintain normal blood osmolality. Muscle proteins affected most by dehydration are those involved in electrolyte distribution across the sarcolemma, calcium release and reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
Cardiovascular compensatory mechanisms for thermoregulatory blood pooling in the skin determine tolerance to dehydration and exercise in the heat. Exercise performance decreases asless blood is available for perfusion of active skeletal muscle. Blood flow to exercising muscles is significantly reduced with dehydration due to reductions in blood pressure and perfusion pressure Blood flow to the exercising muscles declines significantly with dehydration, due to a lowering in perfusion pressure and systemic blood flow rather than increased vasoconstriction. Furthermore, the progressive increase in oxygen consumption during exercise is confined to the exercising skeletal muscles.
A similar response in blood pressure and temperature has been described by previous researchers. Hedley et al. find that the HR increased significantly by 58 beats. In-1 (90,63%) from resting state during sauna. SBP also increased significantly from a presume value of 122 mm Hg to 148 mm Hg at the end of sauna exposure, in contrast DBP decreased from 78 mm Hg to 60 mm Hg. but no significantly. These findings support our results. In our findings, before and after Hamam (first 5 minutes) HR significantly increased from 61 to 70 beats. In-1 . SBP increased from 112 mm Hg to 115 mm Hg and in contrast DBP decreased from 67 mm Hg to 66 mm Hg but was not significantly. Alonso et al. suggest that, lowering of stroke volume with dehydration appears largely related to increases in heart rate and reductionsin blood volume [6].
It has generally been considered that decreasesin performance become apparent when dehydration exceeds 2% of body weight; that performance decrements become substantial when fluid losses exceed 5% of body weight; and that when fluid losses approach 6%-10% of body weight, heat stroke and heat exhaustion become life-threatening. Dehydration also affects mental functioning. Therefore, the effect of hypo hydration on real-life sport may be greater than that shown in laboratory studies of physiological performance.Moderate dehydration (loss of ≤ 2% of body mass) can adversely affect the maximum muscular strength. The adverse effects of dehydration seem to be overcome by a 2-hour rest period and water consumption.
The results of this study were that dehydration (1% loss of body mass) reduced muscular strength by 1,2% handgrip, 3,7% biceps and 3,3% leg strength but thisresults had no significantly decrement on muscle strength.
Several studies have also reported decrements in strength following dehydration. Schoffstall et al. reported that passive dehydration resulting in approximately 1,5% loss of body mass adversely affects bench press 1 RM performance. Hedley et al, reported that hyperthermia (65°C-75°C, 15% RH) condition for 30 minutes by sauna. Whereas 1RM leg press strength was significantly decreased (4%), leg press (29.2%) and bench press (15.8%) after the sauna exposure. In contrast, muscular power (vertical jump) increased significantly (3.1%) after acute heat exposure. Greiwe et al, reported some different results to the above findings; quadriceps muscle strength and endurance are unaffected in 7 males 3.5 hour after dehydration of approximately 4% loss of body mass following passive dehydration in a sauna. This results have shown that, the different reports and explanations about dehydration effects on muscle strength insufficient. Reasons for these conflicting findings are unclear, but may be related to differences in types of strength measurement, different protocols, subjects, populations, body composition status. But we need further studies with increased number of subjects and experimental studies [17-20].
In summary, we found that, moderate passive dehydration is adverse effect to muscular strength, but 1% loss body mass is not detrimental for athletic performance. The effects of dehydration can be eliminated by a 1 hour- period of rest coupled with the ingesting of fluid. The information gained from this study can assist athletes and coaches to make more information about level of dehydration and it is recommended that athletic activities in hot atmosphere (nearly 40oC more than 30 minutes) can be detrimental.
